The COVID-19 pandemic, which has gripped the world since 2020, has underscored the urgent need for a robust disease outbreak response system. Specifically, the One Health (OH) approach has gained prominence as a crucial platform in addressing such global health crises. OH recognizes the intricate interplay between humans, animals, and ecosystems, emphasizing their interdependence for survival. In many rural areas, particularly in developing countries like India, the practice of keeping animal sheds in close proximity to human dwellings is common. This close human-animal interface can significantly contribute to the spread and transmission of diseases, making it a critical concern.
The involvement of this human-animal interface in the emergence and re-emergence of diseases has presented formidable challenges in recent times. Over the years, both international and national efforts have been made to adopt and implement a transdisciplinary, collaborative, and intersectoral approach in India to tackle these issues head-on. This review aims to shed light on the significant initiatives taken to promote the implementation of One Health in the country and the hurdles encountered along the way.
The One Health concept is a multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach that operates as a sustainable health delivery system. It has received validation and endorsement from esteemed international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. One Health recognizes the need for collaboration across various sectors to ensure the well-being of the entire ecosystem by addressing the interactions between humans, animals, plants, and the environment. In a world where communicable diseases have resurfaced, seemingly defying medical advancements, One Health becomes increasingly relevant.
The scope of infectious diseases has evolved over time, with about 350 infectious diseases identified from 1940 to 2004, including a significant portion (60.3%) categorized as zoonotic diseases. Furthermore, a substantial percentage (71.8%) of these diseases originated from wildlife. Although the term “One Health” may be relatively new, the concept of interdependence among various faculties for diagnosis and treatment has deep roots in modern medicine. Approaches like “One Medicine” and “Eco-health” can be considered the precursors of the One Health paradigm.
India has played a pivotal role in addressing the challenges posed by re-emerging diseases, contributing significantly to the burden faced by the South Asian region. Multisectoral activities geared toward preventing zoonotic diseases and potential epidemics and pandemics are on the rise. However, the institutionalization and effective functioning of various sectors involved in the One Health approach remain challenging and complex to implement.
In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought the One Health approach to the forefront of global health discussions. India’s efforts to embrace this holistic approach are commendable, yet they come with their share of obstacles. Addressing these challenges and further enhancing collaboration across sectors are essential steps towards building a resilient and effective One Health platform to safeguard public health and the environment in India and beyond.
